Pure spatial and spatially structured environmental variables explain Skistodiaptomus copepod range limits in the northeastern USA

نویسندگان

  • Ryan A. Thum
  • Richard S. Stemberger
چکیده

We assessed the ability of present-day environmental factors to explain the nonoverlapping range boundaries of Skistodiaptomus copepods in the northeastern USA. Variance partitioning using partial canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) attributed 21% of the variance in species occurrences to spatial location, 20% to spatially structured environmental variation, and 12% to environmental factors that are not spatially structured. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) aided our interpretation of the variance in species’ occurrences attributed to spatially structured environmental variation. Skistodiaptomus pallidus lakes were discriminated from Skistodiaptomus oregonensis and Skistodiaptomus pygmaeus lakes along a productivity gradient, with S. pallidus occurring in more productive lakes. In contrast, S. oregonensis and S. pygmaeus lakes were environmentally similar. Thus, a large portion of the spatially structured variation in the variance-partitioning analysis most likely reflected the shared correlations between the spatial locations and environmental conditions of S. pallidus lakes. Taken together, the results from CCA and DFA analyses suggested that S. pallidus’ range boundary is controlled by environmental factors (lake productivity), while the range boundaries for S. oregonensis and S. pygmaeus were related more to their biogeographic histories than to present-day environments. We discuss alternative explanations for range limits that are independent of environmental conditions. Résumé : Nous avons évalué dans quelle mesure les facteurs environnementaux d’aujourd’hui permettent d’expliquer les répartitions des aires géographiques discrètes des copépodes Skistodiaptomus dans le nord-est des É.-U. Une partition de la variance par analyse des correspondantes canoniques (CCA) partielles attribue 21 % de la variance dans la présence des espèces à la position géographique, 20 % à de la variation environnementale à structure spatiale et 12 % à des facteurs environnementaux qui ne sont pas structurés en fonction de l’espace. Une analyse des fonctions discriminantes (DFA) a contribué à l’interprétation de la variance dans la présence des espèces attribuée à la variation environnementale reliée à l’espace. Les lacs à Skistodiaptomus pallidus se distinguent des lacs à Skistodiaptomus oregonensis et à Skistodiaptomus pygmaeus d’après un gradient de productivité, S. pallidus se retrouvant dans les lacs plus productifs. En revanche, les lacs à S. oregonensis et à S. pygmaeus possèdent des environnements semblables. Ainsi, une portion importante de la variation à structure spatiale dans l’analyse de partition de la variance reflète très vraisemblablement les corrélations communes entre les positions géographiques et les conditions environnementales des lacs à S. pallidus. Pris dans leur ensemble, les résultats des analyses CCA et DFA indiquent que les limites de l’aire de répartition de S. pallidus sont contrôlées par des facteurs environnementaux (productivité des lacs), alors que les limites d’aire de S. oregonensis et de S. pygmaeus sont reliées plus à leur histoire biogéographique qu’à leur environnement d’aujourd’hui. Des explications de rechange des limites d’aire qui sont indépendantes des conditions environnementales font l’objet d’une discussion. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Thum and Stemberger 1404

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تاریخ انتشار 2006